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Generative AI for Scientific Discovery How AI is accelerating breakthroughs

Quick hook. What if algorithms could propose a new drug candidate, predict a protein’s 3-D shape , and run thousands of experiments in an automated lab all in the time it would take a human team to run a few? That is not sci-fi. Generative AI is already part of real scientific workflows in 2025, and this guide explains how , why , what works , what doesn’t , and how you can learn and experiment with these tools. 1. Plain-language definition: what is “generative AI for science”? Generative AI are machine-learning models that create they generate text, images, molecular graphs, 3-D structures, or even experimental plans instead of only classifying or labeling. In scientific discovery these models are used to: propose new hypotheses, molecules or materials; predict structures and behavior (e.g., protein folding); design experiments and optimize conditions; run closed loops with robots that execute experiments and feed back results. These systems don’t replace sc...

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Quantum Algorithms

Introduction Quantum algorithms form the backbone of quantum computing, harnessing the unique principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems with unprecedented efficiency. Unlike classical algorithms, quantum algorithms exploit quantum parallelism and superposition to process information exponentially faster. This chapter explores the fundamentals of quantum algorithms and highlights their revolutionary impact on specific computational challenges. 1. Principles of Quantum Parallelism Superposition Quantum bits, or qubits, can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to the principle of superposition. This enables quantum computers to explore a multitude of possibilities in parallel, offering a significant advantage over classical computers. Entanglement Quantum entanglement links qubits in a way that the state of one qubit instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of distance. This phenomenon plays a crucial role in quantum algorithms, enhancing their co...

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Laravel backend development interview questions with answers

Intermediate & Advanced Level backend development interview Questions with Answers image credit to Nexora AI 1. What is the purpose of service providers in Laravel? Answer: Service providers are the central place for bootstrapping Laravel applications. They bind services into the service container . To create a service provider: php artisan make:provider MyServiceProvider Then, register it in config/app.php : 'providers' => [ App\Providers\MyServiceProvider::class, ]; Inside MyServiceProvider.php : public function register() { $this->app->bind('MyService', function () { return new \App\Services\MyService(); }); } 2. How does Laravel handle dependency injection? Answer: Laravel resolves dependencies automatically via the Service Container . Example: class UserController extends Controller { protected $userService; ...

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Myco-tecture: Why Mushrooms Might Build Our First Martian Cities

When we imagine colonies on Mars, we usually picture a landscape dotted with sterile metal pods, rigid 3D-printed concrete domes, or inflatable Kevlar habitats. These visions rely on the architecture of industry hard, cold, and disconnected from life. But NASA scientists, synthetic biologists, and forward-thinking architects are currently exploring a stranger, squishier, and far more revolutionary alternative: growing our homes out of mushrooms. Welcome to the world of Myco-architecture , where biology replaces masonry and the buildings themselves are alive. The Logistics Nightmare: The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation The biggest hurdle to space colonization isn't lacking technology; it's weight. Launching materials into space is astronomically expensive due to the "tyranny of the rocket equation": to lift more mass, you need more fuel, which in turn adds more mass, requiring yet more fuel. Currently, it costs thousands of dollars to launch a single kilogram of payload...

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TinyML Tutorial 2025: Build Low Power AI Models with TensorFlow Lite Micro

Introduction In recent years, the convergence of machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML), a paradigm that enables on-device inference on resource-constrained microcontrollers and edge devices. TinyML shifts intelligence from centralized cloud servers to the very edge of networks, unlocking new possibilities in privacy, latency, and energy efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive, in-depth exploration of TinyML its origins, core frameworks, optimization techniques, real-world applications, challenges, and future directions designed as a standalone primer for developers, researchers, and technology enthusiasts. What Is TinyML? Historical Context and Definition TinyML is broadly defined as the practice of running ML models on microcontrollers and low-power embedded systems, typically operating in the milliwatt (mW) power range or below. Historically, ML inference required significant computational resources, rel...

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Beyond the Black Mirror: Welcome to the Era of "Invisible" Computing

Category: Technology / Future Trends Reading Time: 12 Minutes Look around you right now. Whether you are squeezing onto the Delhi Metro during rush hour, sitting in a bustling café in Bengaluru, or even gathering around the dinner table with family, the scene is identical. Heads down. Necks bent at an unnatural 45-degree angle. Eyes glazed over, glued to glowing rectangular slabs of glass and aluminum. For the last 15 years, the smartphone has been the undisputed center of our universe. It is our map, our wallet, our television, our therapist, and our connection to the world. It is a "Black Mirror" that demands our undivided attention. But if you look closely at the hardware trends of early 2026, a massive, tectonic shift is underway. The era of the screen-obsessed "smartphone zombie" is peaking, and we are entering the age of Invisible Computing . For the readers of Atharv Gyan , who look beyond the hype of the latest iPhone release, this is not just about new ga...

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Programming Languages for Building Operating Systems

Building an operating system is a complex and low-level task, and the choice of programming languages is critical. Here are some of the programming languages commonly used for building operating systems: 1. Assembly Language : Assembly is the lowest-level programming language and is often the primary choice for OS development. It allows for direct control over the hardware and provides a level of detail required for an OS. 2. C: C is widely used in OS development due to its efficiency, low-level system access, and portability. Many parts of popular operating systems, like the Linux kernel, are written in C. 3. C++: While less common than C, C++ is used in some modern operating systems. It offers additional features like object-oriented programming and can be used for certain parts of an OS. 4. Rust: Rust has gained popularity for OS development, particularly for its memory safety features and performance. It provides low-level control without some of the pitfalls of C ...

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The Impact of Virtual Reality on Education

Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize various industries, including education. By creating immersive, interactive experiences, VR has the power to enhance learning outcomes, engage students in new ways, and provide access to educational content that was previously inaccessible. Let's explore the impact of VR on education in more detail: 1. Enhanced Learning Experiences: - VR allows students to engage with educational content in a three-dimensional, immersive environment, providing a more engaging and memorable learning experience compared to traditional methods. - Complex concepts can be visualized and explored in VR, making abstract or difficult-to-understand topics more tangible and accessible. - Students can interact with virtual objects, manipulate simulations, and explore virtual environments, fostering active learning and deeper understanding of subject matter. 2. Accessibility and Inclusivity: - VR te...

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UPI 3.0: How BharatGPT Is Shaping the Next Wave of Digital Transactions

UPI 3.0 Voice Payments: How BharatGPT Drives India’s Digital Transaction Revolution | Atharv GFyan View Chapters ▾ × Table of Contents 1. Introduction to UPI 3.0 UPI 3.0 is the latest version … 2. What Are “Conversational Voice Payments”? “Conversational Voice Payments” let users … 3. Use Cases & Accessibility Visually impaired users … Elderly or first-time smartphone users … 4. Security & Compliance Voice biometrics vs. OTP/UPI PIN … 5. Merchant & Developer Perspectives How IRCTC, banks, and app builders … 6. Future Outlook Expected rollout phases and adoption targets … 7. Merchant Adoption Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation … ...

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Serverless Computing: Revolutionizing Application Development in the Cloud

Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation and provisioning of servers. In this model, developers can focus solely on writing code without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. This approach is revolutionizing application development in the cloud by offering several advantages and introducing new paradigms. Traditionally, developers had to manage servers, virtual machines, and containers to deploy and run their applications. This required expertise in infrastructure management, capacity planning, and scaling. However, with serverless computing, developers no longer need to provision or manage servers. Instead, they can upload their code to a cloud platform, which automatically handles the execution, scaling, and maintenance of the application. One of the key benefits of serverless computing is its scalability. Applications can automatically scale up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal performance a...

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Programming Languages for Building Operating Systems

Building an operating system is a complex and low-level task, and the choice of programming languages is critical. Here are some of the programming languages commonly used for building operating systems: 1. Assembly Language : Assembly is the lowest-level programming language and is often the primary choice for OS development. It allows for direct control over the hardware and provides a level of detail required for an OS. 2. C: C is widely used in OS development due to its efficiency, low-level system access, and portability. Many parts of popular operating systems, like the Linux kernel, are written in C. 3. C++: While less common than C, C++ is used in some modern operating systems. It offers additional features like object-oriented programming and can be used for certain parts of an OS. 4. Rust: Rust has gained popularity for OS development, particularly for its memory safety features and performance. It provides low-level control without some of the pitfalls of C ...

Read Explanation ⨠

React interviews questions and answers with code

React Interview Preparation: Best Questions, Best Answers, and Sample Code 1. What are the differences between functional and class components in React? Answer : Functional components are simpler and mainly focus on rendering UI, while class components provide more powerful features like state management and lifecycle methods . In recent versions of React, hooks ( useState , useEffect ) enable functional components to use state and lifecycle features without needing to be classes. // Functional Component function FunctionalComponent(props) { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); return ( <div> <p>Count: {count}</p> <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button> </div> ); } // Class Component class ClassComponent extends React.Component { ...

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Generative AI for Scientific Discovery How AI is accelerating breakthroughs

Quick hook. What if algorithms could propose a new drug candidate, predict a protein’s 3-D shape , and run thousands of experiments in an automated lab all in the time it would take a human team to run a few? That is not sci-fi. Generative AI is already part of real scientific workflows in 2025, and this guide explains how , why , what works , what doesn’t , and how you can learn and experiment with these tools. 1. Plain-language definition: what is “generative AI for science”? Generative AI are machine-learning models that create they generate text, images, molecular graphs, 3-D structures, or even experimental plans instead of only classifying or labeling. In scientific discovery these models are used to: propose new hypotheses, molecules or materials; predict structures and behavior (e.g., protein folding); design experiments and optimize conditions; run closed loops with robots that execute experiments and feed back results. These systems don’t replace sc...

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DSA to Development: A Complete Guide

Transitioning from a career in Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) to software development can be a rewarding journey. Here's a complete guide to help you make the shift: Contents 1. Assess Your Current Skillset : - Evaluate your proficiency in DSA and coding skills. - Identify the programming languages you are comfortable with. 2. Choose a Development Path : - Decide whether you want to focus on web development, mobile app development, data science, or another area of software development. - Research the skills and technologies required for your chosen path. 3. Learn Programming Languages : - If you aren't already proficient, learn languages commonly used in your chosen field. For web development, this could be JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. 4. Version Control : - Understand version control systems like Git, which are essential for collaborative software development. 5. Build Projects : ...

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A Starter Guide to Data Structures for AI and Machine Learning

Data structures are fundamental concepts in computer science that help organize and store data efficiently. In the context of AI and machine learning, understanding data structures is crucial because these fields often deal with large volumes of data that need to be processed and analyzed quickly. Here's a starter guide to some key data structures relevant to AI and machine learning: Arrays : Arrays are one of the simplest data structures, consisting of a collection of elements stored in contiguous memory locations. In AI and machine learning, arrays are often used to represent datasets, input features, or output predictions. Lists : Lists are similar to arrays but more flexible because they can dynamically resize. In Python, for example, lists can grow or shrink as needed, making them useful for managing datasets of varying lengths. Stacks : Stacks follow the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, where the last element added is the first one to be removed. Stacks are commonly used ...

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Serverless Computing: Revolutionizing Application Development in the Cloud

Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation and provisioning of servers. In this model, developers can focus solely on writing code without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. This approach is revolutionizing application development in the cloud by offering several advantages and introducing new paradigms. Traditionally, developers had to manage servers, virtual machines, and containers to deploy and run their applications. This required expertise in infrastructure management, capacity planning, and scaling. However, with serverless computing, developers no longer need to provision or manage servers. Instead, they can upload their code to a cloud platform, which automatically handles the execution, scaling, and maintenance of the application. One of the key benefits of serverless computing is its scalability. Applications can automatically scale up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal performance a...

Read Explanation ⨠

Quantum Computing - Register

The Quantum Register is a fundamental component in the realm of quantum computing, serving as the bedrock for storing and manipulating quantum information. At its core, a Quantum Register is a collection of qubits that operate in unison, creating a powerful entity capable of parallel processing and holding vast amounts of data in a quantum superposition. Quantum Qubits and Their Intricacies Qubits, the building blocks of quantum information, differ significantly from classical bits. While classical bits exist in a state of either 0 or 1, qubits exhibit the fascinating property of superposition. This means that a qubit can exist in multiple states simultaneously, opening the door to parallelism on a scale unimaginable in classical computing. Unraveling the Power of Superposition Within a Quantum Register, qubits can be entangled, a phenomenon where the state of one qubit instantaneously influences the state of another, irrespective of the physical distance between them. This entanglemen...

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UPI 3.0: How BharatGPT Is Shaping the Next Wave of Digital Transactions

UPI 3.0 Voice Payments: How BharatGPT Drives India’s Digital Transaction Revolution | Atharv GFyan View Chapters ▾ × Table of Contents 1. Introduction to UPI 3.0 UPI 3.0 is the latest version … 2. What Are “Conversational Voice Payments”? “Conversational Voice Payments” let users … 3. Use Cases & Accessibility Visually impaired users … Elderly or first-time smartphone users … 4. Security & Compliance Voice biometrics vs. OTP/UPI PIN … 5. Merchant & Developer Perspectives How IRCTC, banks, and app builders … 6. Future Outlook Expected rollout phases and adoption targets … 7. Merchant Adoption Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation … ...

Read Explanation ⨠

TinyML Tutorial 2025: Build Low Power AI Models with TensorFlow Lite Micro

Introduction In recent years, the convergence of machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML), a paradigm that enables on-device inference on resource-constrained microcontrollers and edge devices. TinyML shifts intelligence from centralized cloud servers to the very edge of networks, unlocking new possibilities in privacy, latency, and energy efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive, in-depth exploration of TinyML its origins, core frameworks, optimization techniques, real-world applications, challenges, and future directions designed as a standalone primer for developers, researchers, and technology enthusiasts. What Is TinyML? Historical Context and Definition TinyML is broadly defined as the practice of running ML models on microcontrollers and low-power embedded systems, typically operating in the milliwatt (mW) power range or below. Historically, ML inference required significant computational resources, rel...

Read Explanation ⨠

Quantum Computing and its real world applications

Quantum computing, a revolutionary advancement in computational technology, promises to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers. This article will delve into the complexities of quantum computing, its real-world applications, and how it could reshape various industries. From finance to pharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence to cryptography, quantum computing has the potential to dramatically change the landscape of technology and human problem-solving. Table of Contents Introduction to Quantum Computing What is Quantum Computing? Key Concepts: Qubits, Superposition, and Entanglement How Quantum Computing Differs from Classical Computing Fundamental Principles of Quantum Computing Quantum Bits (Qubits) Superposition and Interference Quantum Entanglement Quantum Gates and Circuits Quantum Algorithms Shor’s Algorithm Grover’s Algorithm Quantum Error Correction The Future of Quantum Algorithms Quantum Hardware and Systems Types of Quantum Computers: Superco...

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